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- ESSAY, Page 124What's Really Fair
-
-
- By Michael Kinsley
-
-
- The biggest disappointment for Democrats in last week's
- generally pleasing election results was Harvey Gantt's loss to
- Jesse Helms in the North Carolina Senate race. Gantt apparently
- was leading until near the end, when Helms unleashed TV ads
- focusing on affirmative action in general and Gantt's own profit
- from a television-station deal in particular. No doubt these ads
- were intended in part to promote simple racism against Gantt,
- who is black, and no doubt they succeeded. But genuine
- resentment against racial favoritism is also something the
- Democrats are going to have to come to terms with.
-
- Of all forms of official racial preference, the one that
- helped make Harvey Gantt a wealthy man is the least defensible.
- In awarding valuable broadcast licenses, the Federal
- Communications Commission gives extra points for minority
- ownership and civic involvement. Gantt, then mayor of Charlotte,
- N.C., was part of a group that snared a franchise in 1985 and
- sold it almost immediately to a white media company. (In a
- crowning idiocy, the FCC -- having deliberated exquisitely,
- often for years, over the relative worthiness of contenders for
- a license -- places virtually no restrictions on how soon or to
- whom or for how much the winner can sell out.) As a result, on
- an apparent investment of a few hundred dollars, Gantt made
- several hundred thousand.
-
- An opportunity like this is too good to pass up, and you can
- hardly blame a generation of black civic leaders for succumbing.
- New York City Mayor David Dinkins and Democratic national
- chairman Ron Brown are among many who have made or enhanced
- their fortunes by lending minority luster to broadcast deals.
- You almost suspect a Republican plot here, since the G.O.P. --
- rhetorically the scourge of reverse-discrimination policies --
- has never made an issue of this one. The Republican-dominated
- FCC and Supreme Court have both endorsed it.
-
- Yet Jesse Helms' moral outrage that blacks should be getting
- rich off an outrageous giveaway from the Federal Government is
- oddly narrow. After all, long before it adopted minority
- preferences, the FCC was handing out valuable licenses
- practically for free on other, equally bogus criteria. After
- more than a half-century of this foolishness, many of America's
- largest fortunes derive from ownership of broadcasting
- franchises. Helms himself has made the odd nickel this way. In
- just the past few years, the awarding of cellular-telephone
- franchises has created a whole new category of white male
- multimillionaires. Reformers have long argued that valuable FCC
- licenses should be auctioned off, rather than given away, so
- that the value can be shared by all.
-
- The FCC's preference system for minorities and women is
- particularly egregious. But it nicely illustrates a conceptual
- flaw common to many forms of reverse discrimination: they
- redistribute inequality instead of reducing it. Is the proper
- question, Why are there not more blacks among those being
- anointed millionaires by the FCC? Or is it, Why is the FCC
- anointing millionaires in the first place?
-
- Almost by definition, reverse-discrimination controversies
- arise when society is allotting inequality. Something valuable
- is up for grabs: a job or a promotion or a place at medical
- school. A better question than who should get the goody is
- whether the inequality is necessary at all.
-
- A place at medical school is valuable because of a variety
- of social and governmental policies that reduce opportunities
- to deliver health care and increase the incomes of doctors.
- Restrictive licensing laws forbid nurses and paramedics to
- perform simple tasks (or, in reality, allow doctors to collect
- a middleman's fee). Medical-school places are limited. Medicare
- and Medicaid expand the market for doctors' services, while
- doing little to promote competition on price.
-
- As an egalitarian ideal, a society with more opportunities
- for those who wish to practice medicine, with cheaper health
- care for all and with a smaller gap between the incomes of
- doctors and the incomes of most other people (including nurses)
- would surely be more desirable than a society like the one we
- have now, except that 12% of the doctors are black and half are
- women.
-
- Of course it is a more ambitious ideal, possibly harder to
- achieve politically than simple reverse discrimination. It steps
- directly on more powerful toes. But it cannot be faulted by
- conservatives as social engineering, as interference with free
- lives and free markets. Broadcasting and medicine are just two
- areas where the more radical solution, the more egalitarian one,
- is more oriented toward free markets. But don't expect
- conservatives to take up this rallying cry. Some of them would
- rather admit a ration of minorities into their cozy
- establishments than see those establishments truly shaken up.
- Others, like Jesse Helms, would rather rub racial wounds raw
- than promote their own alleged principles.
-
- One controversial Helms ad showed a white hand crumpling a
- rejection slip. "You needed that job, and you were the best
- qualified. But they had to give it to a minority because of a
- racial quota. Is that really fair?" That is, at the very least,
- a crude description of how affirmative action works. But simple
- mathematics dictates that every job gained by a black or a woman
- through such efforts is a job lost by a white or a man. Whether
- that is "fair" depends on knowing the unknowable: whether,
- without all past and present discrimination, a black or a woman
- would have got that job anyway. Simple mathematics also dictates
- that for every victim of discrimination there is a -- usually
- unknown -- beneficiary.
-
- Both sides of the affirmative-action debate spend too much
- energy nursing grievances over specific, and debatable,
- occasions of "unfairness" and not enough time pondering the
- unfairness of life in general. Two people chase one job. You get
- rich and I don't. Or you get cancer and I don't. Much of that
- unfairness just has to be lived with. But some of it can be
- mitigated by government policy, and some of it is actually
- created by government policies that ought to be undone. All
- without reference to race.
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